Mode of spread and survival:   
                        
                          
                            - The pathogen survives in soil and in the infected stubbles and on collateral hosts Leersia spp., Plantago najor, Paspalum dictum, and Cyanodon dactylon. 
 
                          - The pathogen spreads through irrigation water and also through rain storms. 
 
                           
                         
                        Management: 
                        Cultural methods: 
                        
                          
                            - Burn the stubbles
 
                            - Use optimum dose of fertilizers.
 
                            -  Avoid clipping of tip of seedling at the time of transplanting. 
 
                            - Avoid flooded conditions. 
 
                            - Remove weed hosts periodically. 
 
                           
                         
                        Chemical Methods:  
                        
                          
                            - Avoid clipping of leaf tips during transplantation.
 
                            - Spray Streptomycin sulphate and tetracycline combination 50g + Copper oxychloride 200 g/ac. or Copper hydroxide 500 g/ac
 
                           
                         
                        Source of Information:  
                        
                          
                            - AICRIP rice, TNAU, Coimbatore Rice diseases- online resource, IRRI, Phillippines.
 
                           
                         
                        Acknowledgements:  
                        
                        
                           |